Überlegungen im Anschluss an das Medienpädagogische Manifest
Im März 2009 wurde in Deutschland das Medienpädagogische Manifest unter dem Titel Keine Bildung ohne Medien! veröffentlicht. Verantwortlich zeichnen zahlreiche Organisationen und Einrichtungen, Forscherinnen und Forscher, die im Bereich Medienpädagogik theoretisch und/oder praktisch tätig sind. Kurz zusammenfassend kann als Absicht benannt werden, Medienpädagogik breitenwirksam und dauerhaft in Bildungsinstitutionen des Landes auf allen Ebenen zu implementieren (vgl. http://www.keine-bildung-ohne-medien.de/).
Zur Formulierung eines Manifestes ist ein Minimalkonsens nötig, was angesichts der uneinheitlichen Begriffslage Schwierigkeiten bereiten kann. Worin liegen die Unterschiede und Parallelen, die Vor- und Nachteile zwischen verschiedenen Zielbegriffen der Medienpädagogik. Welche werden aktuell verwendet, worin bestehen Ähnlichkeiten bzw. Unterschiede und – in letzter Konsequenz – welche/r davon eignen sich warum (nicht) für ein Papier mit (internationaler) politischer Handlungsdirektive?
Die Zahl verschiedener Zielbegriffe der Medienpädagogik ist im deutschsprachigen Raum recht überschaubar. Mit Medienkompetenz und (strukturaler) Medienbildung stehen zwei zentrale Konzepte zur Verfügung, die unterschiedliche Gewichtungen und Voraussetzungen einbringen. Verkürzt könnte hier ‚etabliert‘ und ‚fähigkeitenorientiert‘ für ersteres genannt werden, sowie ‚subjektzentriert‘, ‚bildungstheoretisch fundiert‘ und ‚schwer messbar‘ für zweiteres.
Die anglo-amerikanische Debatte kreist um Media Literacy als Ziel einer Media Education. Wieder treten verschiedenste Konzepte davon auf, die sich in Gewichtung und Integration einzelner Dimensionen teils gravierend unterscheiden. Nichtsdestotrotz erweist sich dieses Begriffskonglomerat als international gängigstes Modell – sowohl bezüglich medienpädagogischer Literatur als auch (entwicklungs-/bildungs-)politischer Initiativen, wie die Nomenklaturen bei UNESCO und EU erkennen lassen.
Problematisch erscheint in diesem Zusammenhang, wenn in offiziellen Papieren essenzielle Teile eines Konzeptes eine marginale Rolle spielen bzw. fallengelassen oder umgedeutet werden. So im Fall der ‚kritischen Rolle der Kritik‘ in der Empfehlung der EU-Kommission. Andererseits wäre es blauäugig davon auszugehen, dass die Interessen seitens Politik und Wirtschaft hinsichtlich Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Arbeitsmarktorientierung von (Aus-)Bildungsmaßnahmen angesichts einer rein humanistischen Bildungsphilosophie plötzlich unbedeutend bewertet würden: ein weiterer Kompromiss, der vorweg bedacht – und wohl in Kauf genommen – werden muss.
Eine Variation wie Critical Media Literacy erscheint zum einen zwar schwer anschlussfähig an politische und ökonomische Intentionen, stärkt aber zum anderen gerade die umstrittenen Aspekte von Media Literacy innerhalb der Debatte: weiterführende Zusammenhänge von Medien und Politik/Demokratie, Ökonomie, sozialer Ungleichheit und Herrschaftsverhältnissen.
Schlussendlich bleibt die Frage, welche Konsequenzen aus Manifesten und Charters erwachsen. Die Forderungen im Medienpädagogischen Manifest sind sehr umfangreich und betreffen die Verankerung medienpädagogischer Anteile in den Curricula in allen Bildungsinstitutionen wie auch in non-formalen Kontexten. Besonders wird die Bedeutung von Medienbildung für Lehrende in spe betont und natürlich auch die (v.a. qualitative) medienpädagogische Forschung. Auf allen Ebenen bedeutet dies vor allem eines: Kosten und (bildungs-)politischen Willen zu nachhaltigen Veränderungen des Status Quo.
Obwohl Lobbying und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit als wichtig und notwendig einzustufen sind, muss sich jede Initiative auf ihre eigene Nachhaltigkeit und die jeweilige Sinnhaftigkeit befragen lassen. „Der für
Österreich verbindliche Grundsatzerlass zur Medienerziehung aus dem Jahr 2001 greift viele, eigentlich die wesentlichsten Punkte des Manifestes auf“, die Umsetzung sei jedoch bislang sehr mangelhaft (vgl. Krucsay 2009 unter: http://www.medienimpulse.at/articles/view/105). Einen anderen Weg wählte das Center for Media Literacy, das mit dem MediaKit anhand eines kritisch ausgerichteten Begriffs von Media Literacy Materialen und Unterlagen für Lehrende verschiedener Bildungseinrichtungen zur Verfügung stellt (http://www.medialit.org/bp_mlk.html). Der Anspruch der Nachhaltig- und Breitenwirksamkeit bzw. der gesetzlichen Verankerung kann so zwar nicht erfüllt werden, jedoch bietet sich die Möglichkeit Lehrende direkt anzusprechen. Vielleicht wäre eine Doppelstrategie ein gangbarer Weg – sowohl in Bezug auf die Begriffslage, als auch bezüglich der Konkretion der Umsetzung?
Was ohnehin bleibt und bleiben wird, ist ein Unbehagen über die Intervention seitens der Wissenschaft im öffentlichen bzw. bildungspolitischen Diskurs. Ein Unbehagen über die unabsehbaren Effekte, sollten sich solche denn einstellen und über die selektive Rezeption der Forderungen.
[Kontakt sowie vollständige Literaturangaben bzw. Volltext gerne unter valentin.dander[at]student.uibk.ac.at]




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